1、副词的概述:用来说明事情发生的时间、地点、原因、方式等含义或说明其它形容词或副词程度的词叫做副词,主要用来修饰动词、形容词和副词;在句中作状语、表语、定语和宾语补足语;
2、副词的分类:
2.1、时间副词:表示时间的副词;常见的有:today, now, then, last,tomorrow, yesterday, early, late, once, soon, just, ago, later, ever, since, after, whenever, someday, sometime, first…
2.2、地点副词/方位副词:表示地点的副词;常见的有:here, there, home, below, anywhere, above, outside, up, down, away, off, far, near, nearby…
2.3、方式副词:表示行为动作发生的方式的副词;常见的有:slowly, carelessly, suddenly, politely, -ly结尾的副词;
2.4、程度副词:对一个形容词或者副词在程度上加以限定或修饰的副词;常见的有:very, too, enough, rather, quite, how, so, much, even, all, a little, a bit…
2.5、频度副词:用来表示动作频率的副词;常见的有:once, twice, always, usually, often, sometimes, never…
2.6、疑问副词:引导特殊疑问句的副词;常见的有:how, when, where, why, whether, however…
2.7、关系副词:引导定语从句的副词;常见的有:where, how, when, why…
3、副词在句中的位置和用法:
3.1、副词作状语:修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子;
例如:She speaks English very well. 她英语说得很好。
It's very cold in winter here. 这里冬天很冷。
Luckily, no one was hurt. 幸运的是,没有人受伤。
3.2、副词作表语:一般放在系动词、感官动词之后,用来表明状态和位置;
例如:I'll be back in five minutes. 我5分钟后回来。
The TV is on. 电视开着。
3.3、副词作定语:时间副词(如:now, then)和一些地点副词(如here, there)可以作定语,放在名词之后;
例如:People now often have their festival dinners at restaurants.现在的人们经常在餐馆里吃节日晚餐。
People there are very friendly. 那里的人们很友好。
3.4、副词作宾语补足语:
例如:I'm glad to see you back. 看到你回来我很高兴。
Please ask him in. 请叫他进来。
4、常见副词词组的辨析:
4.1、already与yet:两个都用在完成时中,"already"用于肯定句,"yet"用于否定句和疑问句;
例如:I have finished my homework already. 我已经完成了作业。
I haven't had my breakfast yet. 我还没有吃早餐。
4.2、hard与hardly:"hard"作为副词,译为“努力地、猛烈地”;hardly是否定词,译为“几乎不”,一般与情态动词can/could连用;
例如:They study English very hard. 他们很努力地学习英语。
You can hardly see a person spit in a public place. 你几乎不会看见有人在公共场所吐痰。
4.3、farther与further:都是"far"的比较级;表示地点、方向或距离时两个词同义,意思为“更远、较远”;但"further"还表示“更多、进一步、额外”等意思,此时不能换为"farther";
例如:They decided to go farther/further the next day. 他们决定明天走得更远些。
This problem will be further discussed. 这个问题还需要进一步讨论。
4.4、a bit与a little:这两个名词短语经常当作副词使用,修饰形容词/副词的原级/比较级,可以互换;另外,"a little"可以直接加不可数名词,"a bit" 则采用"a bit + of +不可数名词/可数名词复数"的形式;
例如:This digital camera is a bit/a little expensive. 这部数码相机有点儿贵。
It is a little/a bit colder than yesterday. 今天比昨天稍微有点儿冷。
I need a bit of help. 我需要点儿帮助。
Go and get a little water for me, please. 请帮我拿点水来。
4.5、too…to…与so…that…:"too…to… "译为“太……以致不……”,是否定结构,用于简单句;"so…that…" 译为“如此……以致……”,是肯定结构,用于复合句;"too/so"后面+形容词/副词,"to"后面+动词原形,"that"后面+从句;
例如:The child is too young to join the army. 这个孩子太小了,不能参军。
He is so strong that he can lift the heavy box. 他如此强壮以至于可以搬起那个重的箱子。
4.6、too, also, either与nor:"too(也)"用于肯定句和疑问句的末尾,且用逗号隔开;"also(也)"用于肯定句句中,谓语动词之前;"either(也)"用于否定句末尾,也用逗号隔开;"nor(也不)"用于倒装句句首;
例如:I am a Chinese, too. 我也是一名中国人。
Are you a Chinese, too? 你也是一名中国人吗?
You can also find the market is very good. 你也会发现那个市场很好。
He is not happy and I am not happy, either. 他不高兴,我也不高兴。
He didn't watch the football game. Nor did I. 他没有看那场球赛,我也没有。
4.7、sometimes, sometime, some times与some time:"sometimes(有时)"用于一般现在时;"sometime(在将来某时)"用于将来时;"some times(数次)"表示次数;"some time(一些时间)"表示一段时间;
例如:Sometimes they go hiking in the mountains. 有时候他们会去远足。
I will meet your father sometime. 我会抽空见你父亲的。
I will stay here some time. 我会在这待一段时间。
4.8、on、above、over、below与under:前三个表示"在……上方",后两个表示"在……下方";"on"强调两物相接触,"above"是悬于上方,不一定是正上方,而"over"一般是正上方;"below"不一定是正下方,"under"一般是正下方。
例如:The stars are highly above in the sky. 星星挂在高空中。
There is a stone bridge over the river. 河上有座石桥。
4.9、maybe, perhaps, possibly与probably:"maybe(可能)"比其他的词更不正式、更随便、可能性不大;"perhaps(可能)"较为常用而且正式,可能性也不大;"possibly(可能、也许)"可能性较大;"probably(很可能、大概)"可能性最大;
例如:Maybe you could put it over there. 或许你可以把它放在那里。
I thought perhaps it was the letter you have been expecting.我想可能这就是你期盼已久的那封信。
I couldn't possibly have finished such a long book in such a short time.我几乎不可能在如此短的时间内完成这样一部长篇的书。
He probably told his teacher about all the matter.他很可能把这一切告诉了他的老师。
4.10、later, after, ago与before:
①一段时间+later/ago:表示" (多久)以后/以前",主要用于过去时态;
例如:He had an accident a week ago. 一周前,他出车祸了。
Some years later, the boy became a very famous singer.几年之后,那个男孩成为了一名非常有名的歌手。
②after/before+某个时刻:表示"在某时刻之后/之前",此时两个词是介词;
例如:The train will arrive after 1:00. 火车一点后会到达。
③ago与before:"ago"只能用于过去时,"before" 多用于完成时;
例如:He had an accident a week ago. 一周前,他出车祸了。
Have you been there before? 你以前去过哪里吗?